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Course |
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| Social science research approaches: A toolbox for empirical designs (Formerly 'Perspectives on theories and methods in Business and Politics') | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faculty |
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Manuele Citi, Alice Guerra, Mogens Kamp Justesen, Janine Leschke, Mads Jensen, Caroline de la Porte, Jasper Hotho; Department of International Economics, Government and Business (EGB) Christoph Houman Ellersgaard, Department of Organization, CBS Derek Beach, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University |
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Course Coordinator |
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| Janine Leschke (jl.egb@cbs.dk) and Manuele Citi (mc.egb@cbs.dk), Department of International Economics, Government and Business (EGB), Copenhagen Business School (CBS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prerequisites |
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This course is for PhD students only. It is most suitable for PhD students in the first half of their PhD studies. The PhD students must hand in a five pages (maximum) written presentation on the research question, theories and method(s) of their project, in which they select one or two topics of the curriculum and explain how they can be applied to their project. The short paper should include specific references to the literature of the course and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their chosen approach in comparison to other relevant approaches. Students will have the opportunity to revise this based on the lectures and group discussions during the course and to present their ideas for additional feedback at the end of the course. Deadline for submission of short papers is 10 days before the beginning of the course. The short papers provide material for discussion during the course, and the students must be willing to participate in discussions of other papers and presentations. It is a precondition for receiving the course diploma that the student attends the whole course. |
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Aim |
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The interlinkage between theory and research design is in focus when this course introduces PhD students to the core approaches constituting social science research approaches. We will focus in particular on conceptual analysis and case-selection, process tracing and comparative qualitative studies, survey, experimental and mixed methods approaches, network analysis and elite interviews as well as textual analysis. The aim of the course is to develop the awareness of different designs applied in social science research. This will allow the course participant to reflect critically upon their own projects and to discuss the strengths and weaknesses in comparison to other relevant approaches. |
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Course content |
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Teaching style |
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| Dialogue lectures, group discussions, feedback on student presentations. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lecture plan |
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Learning objectives |
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• Describe and justify the research design of the PhD project • Compare and contrast how methodological approaches interlink in different research designs • Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical and methodological choices made in the PhD project • Apply the knowledge and insights from the course in a critical reflection on their own project |
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Exam |
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Start date |
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| 01/04/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
End date |
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| 05/04/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Level |
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| PhD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ECTS |
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| 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language |
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| English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Course Literature |
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You find the content and required readings for each session below. Book chapters of the core readings will be provided by the course faculty on LEARN; it will be the students' responsibility to obtain the journal articles if these are not uploaded on LEARN. All core texts should be read prior to the start of the course. For most sessions you have at least one text which is a more general description of the theory or method and at least one text which is an application. Day 1 - Conceptual analysis and case studies Conceptual analysis (Manuele Citi) In this session we will introduce concepts as essential tools for theoretical and empirical analysis. We will focus on issues of conceptualization, such as the link between conceptual intension and extension, the relationship between conceptual definition and empirical measurement, and the levels and rules of aggregation for multi-dimensional concepts. Readings Goertz, G. (2006) Concept Intension and Extension, in Goertz, G., Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide, Princeton: Princeton University Press, Ch.2 (pp. 69-94). Munck, G. L. and Verkuilen, J. (2002) Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices, Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5-34. Supplementary Readings Adcock, Robert, and David Collier. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Sciences Review 95(3): 529–546. Coppedge, Michael et al. 2011. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach.” Perspectives on Politics 9(02): 247–67. Case-selection and analysis (Mads Jensen) Case studies are key for theory development and refinement in the social science. This session will teach you advanced approaches to strategically select cases with variation on relevant dimensions and the different steps to design, execute and conclude case studies. Readings Seawright, J., & Gerring, J. (2008). Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2): 294-308. George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Mit Press. Chapter: 3-6 Jensen, M. D. & P. Nedergaard (2014). "Uno, duo, trio? Varieties of trio presidencies in the council of ministers." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52 (5): 1035-1052. Supplementary Readings Gerring, John (2004) What is A Case Study and What is It Good For?, American Political Science Review 98: 341-354. Day 2 - Small-N designs Comparative qualitative analysis (Jasper Hotho) This session will discuss and exemplify how to carry out rigorous, theoretically driven comparative analysis across units of analysis, such as countries, with a focus on qualitative methods. It will among others address questions such as why a single case is worth studying, how quantitative data can be used to test hypotheses/theories derived from a single qualitative case and how comparative qualitative cases can be used to identify causal mechanisms underlying quantitative correlations. It will also address the question how a single person reliably can code complex qualitative interview data. This lecture draws on the teachers’ “The Paradox of Vulnerability” project. Readings Patsiurko, N., Campbell, J. L. & Hall, J. A. (2013) Nation-State Size, Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance in the Advanced Capitalist Countries, New Political Economy, 18:6, 827-844, DOI: 10.1080/13563467.2012.753045 Campbell, J. L. and Hall, J. A. (2015) Small States, Nationalism and Institutional Capacities: An Explanation of the Difference in Response of Ireland and Denmark to the Financial Crisis. European Journal of Sociology, 56, pp 143-174. Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C. Osserman, J. and Pedersen O. K. (2013) Coding In-depth Semistructured Interviews: Problems of Unitization and Intercoder Reliability and Agreement, Sociological Methods & Research 42(3), 294-320. Process tracing (Derek Beach, Arhus University) Process-tracing in social science is a method for studying causal mechanisms linking causes with outcomes. This enables the researcher to make strong inferences about how a cause (or set of causes) contributes to producing an outcome. Derek Beach introduces a refined definition of process-tracing, differentiating it into three distinct variants and explaining the applications and limitations of each. Readings Beach (2017) ‘Process-tracing methods.’ Oxford Research Encyclopedia. http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-176 O'Mahoney, J. (2017). Making the Real: Rhetorical Adduction and the Bangladesh Liberation War. International Organization, 71(2), 317-348. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000054 Supplementary Readings Beach and Pedersen (2016) Causal Case Study Methods. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Especially chapters 2 – 5, 9) Day 3 – Practical Session, Surveys and Mixed-Methods Approaches The logic and design of surveys (Mogens Kamp Justesen) The session will first discuss why the social sciences need surveys. It will then give a brief introduction to new social risks with a specific focus on life-course approaches. This session draws on examples from (comparative) employment and welfare state research. Empirically, examples are chosen that make use of household panel survey data. Readings Krosnick, Jon A. (1999) Survey Research, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 50: 537-67. Olken, B. A. (2009) Corruption perceptions vs. corruption reality, Journal of Public Economics 93: 950–964. Mixed-method approaches (Janine Leschke) Mixed or multi-methods approaches combining and integrating qualitative and quantitative social sciences tools have become popular in recent years. Rather than seeing methods as mutually exclusive alternatives, such approaches exploit the fact that multiple measurement offers the chance to assess each method’s validity in the light of other methods and thereby come to more sound conclusions. This session will discuss the advantages and drawbacks of mixed-methods approaches in PhD projects. We will in particular consider the combination of indepths case-study analysis with statistical analysis. Readings Creswell, J. and Plano Clark, V. (2018) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Third Edition, London: Sage, ch. 3 (Core mixed methods designs) Lieberman, E. (2005) Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research, The American Political Science Review 99(3), 435-452. Supplementary Readings Casal Bértoa, F. (2017) It’s been mostly about money! A Multi-method research approach to the sources of institutionalization, Sociological Methods & Research 46(4): 683-714. Fearon, J. and Laitin, D. (2008) Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, in: Box-Steffensmeier, J., Brady, H. and Collier D. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 756-776. Friberg, J. H. (2012) The stages of migration. From going abroad to settling down: post-accession Polish migrant workers in Norway, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 38(10): 1589-1605. Day 4 – Elites and networks and experimental approaches Applied Network Analysis: Investigating political and economic elites using network data (Christoph Houman Ellersgaard) Empirically and theoretically, the session will focus on elites and decision-makers in a policy-making setting and provide examples that cut across the national, European and global levels. In a first part we cover how to identify the most powerful individuals in different societies, the elites, using social network analysis. Readings Khan, Shamus Rahman (2012) The Sociology of Elites. Annual Review of Sociology 38(1): 361–77. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145542. Larsen, Anton Grau, and Christoph Houman Ellersgaard. “A Scandinavian Variety of Power Elites? – Key Institutional Orders in the Danish Elite Networks.” In New Directions in Elite Research, edited by Olav Korsnes, Johan Heilbron, Johannes Hjellbrekke, Felix Bühlmann, and Mike Savage. Routledge, forthcoming. Larsen, Anton Grau, and Christoph Houman Ellersgaard. “Identifying Power Elites—k-Cores in Heterogeneous Affiliation Networks.” Social Networks 50 (July 2017): 55–69. Supplementary Readings Bühlmann, Felix, Thomas David, and André Mach (2012) The Swiss Business Elite (1980–2000): How the Changing Composition of the Elite Explains the Decline of the Swiss Company Network. Economy and Society 41(2), pp 199–226. doi:10.1080/03085147.2011.602542. Elite interviews and content analysis for small-n analyses (Caroline de la Porte) Elite interviews are often central sources of data for small-n analyses (case studies and comparative analyses). This session addresses various issues with elite interviews, from practical tricks of interviewing, to ethical dilemmas, as well as how to use elite interviews in your research and how to code them. Readings Symposium consisting of seven short articles in Political Science and Politics on Interview techniques in social sciences, 35(4): 2002. Access the articles here: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/issue/E30FCCB00ED41AA25653C84094851A72 Experimental Approaches (Alice Guerra) Experiments are key tools in the methodological toolbox for anyone interested in causal inference, and the use of experiments in social science has increased dramatically during the last decades. This session cover the logic of randomized experiments, different types of experiments (lab, survey and field) and the key considerations when designing, analyzing and interpreting experiments. As a part of this, we will also discuss ethical considerations for researchers using experimental methods. Readings Druckman, J. N., Green, D. P., Kuklinski, J. H., & Lupia, A. (2011). An Introduction to Core Concepts. Chapter 2 in The Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science. Cambridge University Press Pandelaere, M., Briers, B., & Lembregts, C. (2011). How to Make a 29% Increase Look Bigger: The Unit Effect in Option Comparisons. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(2), 308-322. doi:10.1086/659000 Gerber, A. S., Green, D. P., & Larimer, C. W. (2008). Social pressure and voter turnout: Evidence from a large scale field experiment, American Political Science Review, 102(1): 33-48. Supplementary readings McDermott, R. (2002). Experimental methods in political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 5(1): 31-61. Day 5 – Textual Analysis and Final Feedback Applied Textual Analysis (Manuele Citi) This session introduces the fundamental tools of quantitative analysis developed by social science for the analysis of political and social texts (political speeches, party manifestos, policy documents, but also conversations on the social media). The aim is to help students understand the types of research questions we can ask with text, and the type of analytical tools that are currently available for answering them. Readings Grimmer, J. and Stewart, B. M. (2013) ‘Text as data: The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts’, Political Analysis 21(3): 267–297. Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A. and Van Bavel, J. J. (2017) ‘Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(28): 7313–7318. Supplementary readings Lacy, S., Watson, B. R., Riffe, D. and Lovejoy, J. (2015) ‘Issues and best practices in content analysis’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 92(4): 791–811. Afternoon Session - Feedback to students (Janine Leschke & Manuele Citi) In this session we will draw on the various elements of the course providing indepths feedback to the student’s projects. |
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Fee |
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| DKK 6,500 (covers the course, coffee/tea, lunch and one dinner) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum number of participants |
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Maximum number of participants |
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| 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Location |
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Copenhagen Business School Dalgas Have 15 2000 Frederiksberg Room: SØ080 (ground floor) |
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Contact information |
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The PhD Support Katja Høeg Tingleff Tel.: +45 38 15 28 39 E-mail: kht.research@cbs.dk |
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Registration deadline |
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| 18/02/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Please note that your registration is binding after the registration deadline. In case we receive more registrations for the course than we have places, the registrations will be prioritized in the following order: Students from Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies (OMS), students from other CBS PhD schools, students from other institutions than CBS. |
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